ADOT is a non-profit organization with a vision to promote the Turkish heritage, history, culture, art, business, job and political alliance and help the Turkish-American community adapt to life in the United States, and to defend the civil rights of Turks against defamation during their life in America.
Bu organizasyon; 25'e yakın Türk akademisyen, mühendis, doktor ve işadamlarının biraraya gelmesiyle kurulmustur. Bu organizasyonun amacı Amerikada yaşayan tüm Türklerin ve Türk dostlarının arasında iletişim ağını kurarak Amerikadaki ve dünyadaki tüm Türk ve Türk dostu dernekler ve organizasyonlar arasında ki dayanışmayı ve işbirliğini sağlamaktır. "Dünya üzerindeki tüm Türkleri Türk düşmanlığına karşı mücadele etmek ve tek bir güç olmak için bu organizasyon çatısı altında toplanmaya veya işbirliğine ve en önemlisi gelecek nesillerimizin güvenliği için göreve cağırıyoruz. Türk düşmanlığıyla mücadele etmek her Türk'ün görevidir"| TURKLER |
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TURKs are any of various peoples whose members speak languages belonging to the Turkic languages. The world's Turkic peoples, numbering perhaps 300-350 million people in all, are the descendants of the first inhabitants of Central Asia and large groups of people who originated in Central Asia, in a land known as Turkistan, or Turan, which is the geographical region between the Ural and Altay mountains from west to east and Siberia to Hindu mountains from north to south. Presently, the largest group of Turkic people is living in Turkey. Other major Turkic people live in Azerbaijan, Kazakstan, Kirghizstan, Russia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Additionally, other Turkic people live in the Xinjiang region of western China, South Azerbaijan region of Iran, northern Iraq, in Afghanistan, Moldova, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and the Balkans (former Yugoslavia.) Similarity in language and culture which is evident in literature, folklore, garments (clothing and dresses,) instruments, symbols, dances, food and traditions unites Turks as part of a greater family of peoples. The Turkic family tree is traditionally divided into 6 branches, each branch producing different nations. The main branches of Turks are: 1) OGUZ branch (also referred to as the western Turk branch) which includes: Turks of Turkey, Azerbaijanis (including Karapapaks, Shahsevans and Afshar tribal Turks,) Turkmens, Qashqayi Turks, Khorasani Turks, Gauguz (Gokoguz) Turks, Balkan Turks (Turks of the former Yugoslavia,)and the Turks of Iraq (referred to as Azerbaijanis or Turkmens.) 2) KIPCHAK branch which includes: Tatars, Nogays, Crimean Turks, Karaim Turks, Kazaks, Kirghiz, Karakalpaks, Bashkorts, Tavli (Karachay-Balkar) Turks, and Kumik Turks. 3) Karluk branch which includes: Uzbeks, Uygurs, Yellow (Sari) Uygurs and Salars. 4) Siberian (Sibirya) branch which includes: Altay, Tiva, Hakas, Dolgan and Baraba. 5) Chuvash branch which includes the Chuvash Turks of Russia. 6) Saha (Yakut) branch which includes the Yakut Turks of Siberia. The Oguz-Turk branch is the most populous, numbering more than 150 million.
List of modern Turkic nations
The Azerbaijanis are a Turkic people who number approximately 45 million. They live mostly in the South Azerbaijan region of Iran, the Republic of Azerbaijan, Russia, Georgia, Turkey and the surrounding region. They are the descendants of various bodies of Turks, but primaraly the Oghuz Turks who migrated in mass numbers to the region in the 10th and 11th centuries. Turkic peoples of Russia in the Caucaus region.
Natives of Bashkortistan republic in the Russian federation. Natives of Karachay-Balkar.
Christian Turks of Chuvashia republic in the Russian federation. Christian Turks of Gaugauz Autonomous republic in eastern Moldova. Their proper designation is "Gok Oguz" which means "Blue Oguz."
Turkic peoples of Russia in the Caucaus region. Natives of Karachay-Balkar.
Peoples of the Karakalpak Autonomous district in Uzbekistan.
Large Turkic tribe of South Azerbaijan region of Iran. They are a tribe of the Azerbaijani nation.
Turko-Mongol peoples of Kazakstan and the surrounding region.
Oguz Turks of Khorasan province (Iran.) They number close to one million.
Turko-Mongol peoples of Kirghizstan and the surrounding region. One branch of the Turks living in Russia's Dagestan republic.
Turkic peoples of southern Iran who inhabit primaraly Fars province and the surrounding region. They are nomadic and pastoralists. Turkic (often referred to as Turko-Mongol) people of Tatarstan republic of Russia. Oguz Turks who inhabit Turkmenistan, northeastern Iran and northwestern Afghanistan. They are related to the Azerbaijanis, Turks of Turkey and Gauguz as well as others stemming from the Oguz branch.
The largest group of Turkic peoples of the world. They number more than 50 million Turkey and are the most advanced of the Turkic peoples.
Turko-Siberian peoles of Tuva republic of Russia. They are Shamanists.
Turkic people of the Xiang Uygur autonomous region of western China. They number more than 10 million and are one of the most historically rich Turks. Turkic (often referred to as Turko-Mongol) peoples of Uzbekistan and the surrounding region. They number more than 28 million and their native land, Uzbekistan, is the most populous of the central Asian region.
Turko-Siberian peoples of Yakutia of the Russian federation. They are Shamanists. List of Turkic peoples in historyTurkic States & Empires in history
Independent Turkic Countries
Autonomous Turkic republics in the Russian federation
Other Autonomous Turkic regions
Turkic/Mongol States
Name
The name became official with the letter that the Chinese Emperor wrote to the Gok-Turk Khan named Isbara in 585 A.D., where he describes him as "The Great Turkish Khan." Isbara wrote the Chinese empreror back stating that: "it has been past 50 years since the Turkish State has been established by God". The most popular theory regarding the root of of the word "Turk" is that it means "strong" or "powerful." Ancient OriginsTurks are first and original habitants and natives of central Asia. Comparisons to the ancient language of the Sumerians (labeled as an Ural-Altaic language by most historians) to modern Turkish languages confirms many common words and religious terms. Some state that the most ancient of Turks were the Sumerians, who originated east of the Caspian Sea in Central Asia but who established a civilization in present-day southern Iraq. The Sumerian language had many words that are appearant in other modern Ural-Altaic languages such as Hungarian and Mongolian. The ancient roots of the Turks have been diminished by some historians who seek to clarify an "Indo-European" presence in parts of Asia and Europe before the period of the Huns. Thus, Turkish and some western historians who have based their researches on clear facts rather than "guesses" have concluded that after the Sumerians up until the time of the Huns, the Turks were the people who became known as Scythians, Massagetae, Alans, Cimmerians and Sarmatians, whom have been labeled as "Iranian?" or "unidentified?" peoples without any vital linguistic or anthropological facts. According to genetical and historical researches, the civilizations, existed in Central Asia, western Asia including Caucasia and Eastern Europe, were the predecessors of Western Turks of Kipchak and Oguz Turks.
The Hun period until Islam"Oh race of Turks, children of iron and fire, founders of a thousand homelands, wearers of a thousand crowns. If the sky above did not collapse and the earth did not give way, oh noble race, who would be able to destroy your nation and institutions..." - Oguz Khan HUNS The Huns, whose origins go back to 1200 BCE, are considered the first Turks by scholars. In ancient Chinese sources they were referred to as "Hsiung-Nu" and as the "colored-eyed" people. The Huns are famous for four empires which they established: 1) The Great Hun Empire which was founded by Mete (Bagatir) in 204 B.C. and which covered an area which at the north was Siberia, to the south Tibet and Kashmir, to the east the Pacific Ocean and to the west the Caspian Sea.
4) The White Hun Empire which was founded in 420 A.D. by Aksuvar. This empire covered most of Turkistan (central Asia) as well as parts of northern India and also Afghanistan. Perhaps the most famous of Hun rulers, Attila, who was called the "scourge of God" by the Romans, was King and General of the Hun empire from A.D. 433 to 453.
After the fall of the Hun advent and Turkic domination of Asia and Europe, the next Turkic federation was that of the Gok-Turks who originated from the Ashina tribe who were natives of today's Xiang Uygur. The Ashinas were the first Turkic tribe to use the name "Turk" as a political name. The Gok-Turk empire was established by Ilterish Khagan, and perhaps the most famous of the Gok-Turk princes was Kul Tegin who is mentioned in the Orhun Inscriptions dated back to the 7th century. The Gok-Turk empire, extending from the Black Sea across central Asia to the Pacific Ocean united the Turks as a nomadic confederation. The great difference between the Gok-Turk and it's preceding Hun empire was the subordination of the Turks and their temporary Khans-Hakans (lords) to a central authority that was left in the hands of a dynasty of tribal chiefs. Shamanism, the worship of nature was the most common practiced religion in the Gok-Turk state, as it was prior to the establishment of the empire. In 582, shortly after its inception, the Gokturk Empire was divided into two khanates (states) which became known as the eastern and western empires. Both khanates were attacked by the Tang dynasty of China in 630 and were subjugated by the Chinese for years, until the first Gok-Turk state finally collapsed. Fifty-two years later, the Turks revolted against the Chinese and were able to establish the second Gok-Turk empire which lasted until 740. The first Gok-Turk state Rulers of the eastern & western portions: Bumin Khaghan (552) Kolo (552) Bek Khan Khaghan (553 - 572) Taspar Khaghan (572 - 581) Ishbara Khaghan (582 - 587) Yehu (587) Tulan (587-599) Buchia (599-601) Jimin Khaghan (601 - 609) Shibi Khaghan (609 - 619) Chulo Khaghan (619 - 621) Illigh Khaghan (621 - 630) Tardu (Western ruler) (582 - 603) Shih-keui (603-618) Tong Yabgu (618 - 630)
552: Bumin and Istemi overthrew the Juan-Juans 555: Final defeat of the Juan-Juans 571: Istemi’s campaigns in Azerbaijan and Transoxiana 582: Division of the Turk empire into Eastern and Western khanates 600: Tardu’s campaign against the Chinese 603: Tie Le tribes kill Tardu 610: Rise of the Eastern Khaghanate 618: Rise of the Western Khaghanate 630: Jieli Khaghan captured by the Tang Chinese, Tong Yabgu killed by his uncle, both Turk khanates collapse 659: Last remnants of the Western Turks subjugated by the Tang 682: Khutlugh founded the second Gok-Turk empire
Rulers of the eastern & western portions: Kutlugh Iltirish Khaghan (682 - 692) Khapaghan Khaghan (692 - 716) Inel Bogu Khaghan (716) Bilge Khaghan (716 - 734) Turk Bilge Khaghan (734 - not clear) Tenri Khan (734-741) Khutlugh Bilge Khaghan (741-743) Ilitmish Bilge Khaghan (743) Ozmish Khaghan (743) Bomei Khaghan (743-744)
682: Kutluk and Ilterish founded the second Gok-Turk Empire 693: Kapgan Kaghan’s campaign against the On-Ok and Kyrgyz tribes 701: The Transoxiana Campaigns 710: Defeat of the Kyrgyz revolt 716: Kapgan Kaghan killed by the Bayirku tribe, his son is overthrown by Bilge and Kul Tegin 720: Bilge Kaghan’s Chinese Campaign 725: Death of Ayguji Tonyukuk 731: Death of Kul Tegin 734: Bilge Kaghan’s campaign against the Kitan and Tatabi tribes, Bilge poisoned 742: The "Rebel Alliance" capture Otugen and depose the last Gokturk ruler
Islamic Period Turkic soldiers in the army of the Abbasid caliphs emerged as de facto rulers of most of the Muslim Middle East (except Syria and Egypt), particularly after the 10th century. Oghuz and other tribes captured and dominated various countries under the leadership of the Seljuk dynasty and eventually captured the territories of the Abbasid dynasty and the Byzantine Empire. Meanwhile, Kirghiz and Uighurs were struggling with each other and with the mighty Chinese Empire. Kirghiz people finally settled in the region that is now referred to as Kyrgyzstan. Tatar peoples conquered Volga Bulgars in what is today southern Russia following the westward sweep of the Mongols under Genghis Khan in the 13th century. Bulgars was named tatars by Russians mistakally. Native Tatars lives only in Asia, European tatars factically are Bulgars. (Bulgars came to Europe in 7-8th century). Everywhere, Turkic groups mixed to some extent with other local populations. As the Seljuks declined after the Mongol invasion, the Ottoman Empire emerged as a new important Turkic state which came to dominate not only the Middle East, but also southeastern Europe and parts of southwestern Russia and northern Africa. Meanwhile, other Turkic groups founded dynasties in Iran (Safavids) and northern India (the Mughal Empire). The Ottoman Empire grew weaker in the face of repeated wars with Russia and Austria and the emergence of nationalist movements in the Balkans, and finally gave way after World War I to the present-day republic of Turkey. CharacteristicsThe majority of Turkic peoples from Siberia to eastern Europe have a similar linguistic, cultural and historical background, although their regional history (history of each individual Turkic nation) is different. They often differ in physical appearance (perhaps the Mongol invasion of Asia in the 13th century lead to a Turk/Mongol mixture in some eastern-Turkic regions, Mongols carry 48% Mongoloid genes as well as %52 Central Asian genes.) Kazaks, Kirgiz, Altays, Tatars, Tuvans and Yakuts are often referred to as Turko-Mongol peoples. However, these ethnic groups are linguistically and culturally Turkic and perhaps racially mixed with Mongols(%48 Mongoloid features). Turks from western China to eastern Europe seem to possess the Caucasoid appearance (many Tatars, Turks from Turkey, Azerbaijanis, Bashkorts, Qashqays, Turkmens, Uzbeks, Uygurs of China and also Kazaks and Kirgiz have very light features including blue eyes and blondish/reddish hair although most Turks look Mediterennean-Caucasoid having brown/black hair and eyes and olive to dark skin features.) The majority of Turks seem to have high cheek bones, round heads and straight hair. Most Turks are Sunni Muslims. The Azerbaijanis of the Republic of Azerbaijan and South Azerbaijan are the only Turkic/Shia-Muslim people in the world (the Qashqays who live in southern Iran and who are often referred to as Azerbaijanis but are a sepereate Turkic ethnic group are also Shias,) and the Chuvash of Russia and Gauguz (Gokoguz) of Moldova are the only two Christian-Turkic peoples. Some Turks are Shamanist (especially in the eastern-Turkic republics of Russia such as Altay, Hakas and Tiva.) Shamanism (worship of nature) was the predominent relgion of the different Turkic branches prior to the 8th century, when the majority accepted Islam. There are also some Buddhist, Jewish, Zoroastian and Baha'i Turks, however their numbers are few. It is noteworthy to mention that the term "Turkic" did not exist before the Stalinist era. Today, the term "Turkish" in terms of nationality only refers to the Turks of Turkey, while before the establishment of the Soviet Union, "Turkish" meant all "Turkic" peoples of the world. In the Turkic languages, there is no distinction between Turkish/Turkic and some western sources use the term "Turkish peoples" instead of "Turkic peoples." When referring to the different dialects of the Turks, the term Turkish is used (for example the language of the Azerbaijanis is Azerbaijani-Turkish and the language of the Uygurs is Uygur-Turkish.) Today it should be referred to the Turkic countries, regions and peoples as part of the "Turkish World" (Turkic world) or in Turkish: "Turk Dunyasi." See also
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